Hur lagar du william pear

Pear cultivar

The Williams' bon chrétien pear, commonly called the Williams pear, or the Bartlett pear in the United States and Canada, fryst vatten a cultivar (cultivated variety) of the species Pyrus communis, commonly known as the europeisk pear. The fruit has a bell shape, considered the traditional pear shape in the west, and its green skin turns yellow upon later ripening, although red-skinned derivative varieties exist.

It fryst vatten considered a summer pear, not as tolerant of cold as some varieties. It fryst vatten often eaten raw, but holds its shape well when baked, and fryst vatten a common choice for canned or other processed pear uses.

History

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The origins of this variety are uncertain.

It is made using pears from the local region (Markgräflerland, Breisgau, Kaiserstuhl), France (Ardèche, Drôme, Isère and Savoie) and Italy (Trentino and Lombardy)

"Bon Chrétien" (Good Christian) fryst vatten named after Francis of Paola, a holy man whom King Louis XI of France had called to his deathbed as a healer in 1483. Francis offered the king a pear seed from his native Calabria with instructions to plant and care. Hence the pear tree was called "Good Christian". The Williams pear fryst vatten thought to date from 1765 to 1770 from the yard of an Aldermaston, England, schoolmaster named John Stair,^[1] giving rise to the now-obscure synonyms 'Aldermaston' pear and 'Stairs' pear.

A nurseryman named Williams later acquired the variety, and after introducing it to the rest of England, the pear became known as the Williams Pear.^[2] However, the pear's full name fryst vatten Williams' Bon Chretien, or "Williams' good Christian."^[2]

In 1799 James Carter imported several Williams trees into the United States, and they were planted on the grounds of Thomas Brewer in Roxbury, Massachusetts.^[2] The Massachusetts estate was later acquired bygd Enoch Bartlett of Dorchester, Massachusetts.

Williams pears are incredibly versatile: they work well in both sweet and savoury dishes, raw or cooked

Unaware of their ursprung, Bartlett named the pears after himself and introduced the variety into the United States. It was not realised that Bartlett and Williams Pears were the same until 1828, when new trees arrived from Europe.^[2] bygd that time the Bartlett variety had become vastly popular in the United States, and they are still generally known as Bartlett pears in the US and Canada, although there are about 150 other synonyms worldwide.^[3]

Physical description

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The pear exhibits a pyriform "pear shape," with a rounded bell on the bottom half of the fruit, and then a definite shoulder with a smaller neck or stem end.^[2] Williams are aromatic pears, and have what many^[who?] consider the definitive "pear flavour".^[2] Colours of the pear vary from green (when unripe), to yellow (ripe) and red.

Red Bartletts or Williams are very similar to the traditional Williams, aside from ripening to a reddish colour rather than a yellow colour. Red-skinned mutant clones (i.e.

Poire Williams is considered a classic style of eau-de-vie, and after tasting you’ll understand why

"sports") of the Williams are increasing in popularity, including three major varieties in the US: the högsta Red Bartlett, the känsla Red Bartlett, and the Rosired Bartlett. One study of several macrosatellite loci in 63 europeisk Pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars did not distinguish högsta Red Bartlett and känsla Red Bartlett from the standard Williams, which was expected since the red mutants were derived from the Williams bygd mutation.^[4] Dozens of other cultivars and hybrids have been created from Williams, created for properties like cold resistance, ripening time, skin colouration, and grafting compatibility.^[5]

Best when picked with the internal pressure of the pear fryst vatten between 110 and 120 kPa (16 and 18 psi), the pear should still be green and relatively hard when picked.

Optimum conditions for ripening are in dry shady areas, and ripening usually takes 7 to 10 days from when the pear was picked. As the pear ripens the color will slowly change to a soft yellow and the pear will soften. Commercially produced pears are normally picked and shipped to the stores while green.^[6]

Tree

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Pear trees are usually productive for 50 to 75 years though some still producera fruit after 100 years.

A Bon Chrétien tree planted around 1630 in Danvers, Massachusetts fryst vatten still producing fruit today.^[6]

Height: 4.5–6 m (15–20 ft) with slightly less spread
Flowers: vit flowers grouped in a corymb
Blooming time: April–May (in the nordlig Hemisphere)
Fruit and seeds: Large, golden yellow skin, brownish red blush, classic shape with smooth, vit flesh.

Harvest from mid-August to mid-September (Northern Hemisphere).
Leaves: The leaves are simple, glossy green leaves that alternate on the twig.

Poire Williams is a type of eau-de-vie (fruit brandy) that is distilled from fermented Williams pears

They grow up to 8 cm (3 in) long, are thick with slight midrib curves folding the edges inwards. They have fine teeth on the margin.
Elevation: 300–1,500 m (1,000–5,000 ft)
Habitat: Orchards and landscaping^[6]

Production and uses

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US pear production

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In 1985, this variety represented 80% of US pear production while in 2004 it represented 50% of reported pear production, displaced primarily bygd the continuing growth of d'Anjou and Bosc pears, both winter pears more tolerant of cold than the Bartlett.^[3][7]

While more pears are sold fresh in the US than processed, Bartlett pears are the primary choice for canned halves, puree, and most pear fruktsaft and nectar in the US, comprising about two-thirds of Bartlett production.

Bartletts are traditionally known as the canning pear due to their "definitive flavor and sweetness," making them well-suited for many forms of processing.^[2]

Named mutants

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List of some "sports" or mutants of the Williams pear.^[8]

Date	Originator/Country	Market Name	Mutated From	Assignee	Habit	Flavor	Texture	Color	Plant Patent Number
1908	/Canada	Russet Bartlett	Golden russet
1924	Stephen G. Nye/ Oregon, US	Nye Russet Bartlett[9]	more spicy	firmer	deep yellow with golden russet
1940	/Australia	Sensation Red Bartlett
1942	/US	Eller
1945 Patented 1 Jul 1947	Moritz/US	Max-Red Bartlett	Bartlett	MacKelvie	standard	sweeter	finer	red	US plant patent 741
1948, Introduced 1963	James W. Sweeney/ California, US	Rosired Bartlett[9]	Bartlett	Fowler Nurseries	Maroon red on picking-ripe fruit.	Plant patent 2012
27 Dec 1977	Crisafulli/ Montana, US	Bartlett	semi-dwarf	good	red blush	US plant patent 4169
14 Apr 1998	Biehn/ Oregon, US	Cinnamon	Bartlett	standard	sweeter	russet	US plant patent 10325
26 Feb 2008	David Lowry/US	Carolina Gold	Bartlett	Associated Fruit	standard	more tart	russet	US plant patent 18515

Offspring

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For several decades, the Williams pear has been used actively as a parent in the production of new varieties:

Cross made/Introduced	Originator/Country	'Marketed/Name	Parent	Other Parent	Plant Patent Number
1896	C.H. Packham / Australia	Packham (Packhams Triumph)[8]	Bartlett	Uvedals St. Germain
1901/1913	Laxton Brothers/Bedfordshire, England	Laxton´s Superb[10]	Bartlett	Beurré Superfin
1902/1927	Laxton Brothers/Bedfordshire, England	Laxton´s Satisfaction[10]	Bartlett	Beurré Superfin
?/?	Laxton Brothers/Bedfordshire, England	Laxton´s Progress[10]	Bartlett	Marie Louise
1920/?	England	Bristol Cross[8]	Bartlett	Conference
?/1923	US	Gorham[8]	Bartlett	Josephine dem Malines
1931/1945	Robert Patterson/California, US	El Dorado[11]	Bartlett	?
1956	Italy	Butirra Precoce Morettini	Bartlett	Coscia
?/1964	New York, US	Aurora[12]	Bartlett	Marguerite Marillat
?/1974	England	Beth	Bartlett	Beurré Superfin
1944/1974	Robert C. Lamb/New York, US	Highland[13]	Bartlett	Comice
?/?	England	Merton Pride[8]	Tetraploid Bartlett	Hardenpont
?/?	Italy	Santa Maria[8]	Bartlett	Coscia
?/1974	F.C. Reimer/Oregon, US	Canal Red[14]	Max Red Bartlett	Forelle
1959/1975 Patented 27 Aug 1974	William H. Griggs/California, US	California[14]	Max Red Bartlett741	Comice	US plant patent 3599
1965/?	Canada	Harrow Sweet[15]	Bartlett	Purdue 8051
1974/1990	South Africa	Rosemary[15]	Bon Rouge	Forelle
1985/1997	S.H. Hjeltnes/Sweden,Norway	Celina(QTee)	Bartlett	Colorée dem Juillet
Patented 9 Aug 1988	Reimer/US	Reimer	Max Red Bartlett741	Comice	US plant patent 6245
1977/2003	R.L. Bell/Kearneysville, US	Shenandoah[16]	Max Red Bartlett	US 56 112
Patented 30 Jan 2007	White/New Zealand	Prem2P	Max Red Bartlett741	Nijisseiki	US plant patent 17387
Patented 17 Apr 2007	Hart/New Zealand	Prem1P	Max Red Bartlett741	Nijisseiki	US plant patent 17624
2007/?	J.R. Breach/Great Britain	Misty Rose[17]	Red Williams	Concorde

Distilled spirits

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The Williams pear fryst vatten used in making both Poire Williams, a fruit brandy, and Belle dem Brillet, an infused cognac.^[18]

The pear fryst vatten also very popular in the western Balkans, where it fryst vatten distilled into a brandy known as viljamovka, similar to Poire Williams but often with a higher alcohol percentage.

Some producers of viljamovka include an entire pear inre each bottle. This fryst vatten achieved bygd attaching the bottle to a budding pear tree so that the pear will grow inre it.

Notes

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External links

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