När användes ginkgo biloba först

Species of tree

This article fryst vatten about the tree. For the Goethe poem, see Gingo biloba.

Ginkgo biloba, commonly known as ginkgo or gingko (GINK-oh, -&#;goh),^[5][6] also known as the maidenhair tree,^[7] fryst vatten a species of gymnosperm tree native to East Asia.

It fryst vatten the gods living species in the beställning Ginkgoales, which first appeared over million years ago, and fossils very similar to the living species, belonging to the genus Ginkgo, extend back to the mittpunkt Jurassicepoch approximately million years ago.^[2] The tree was cultivated early in human history and remains commonly planted, and fryst vatten widely regarded as a living fossil.

Ginkgo leaf extrakt fryst vatten commonly used as a dietary supplement, but there fryst vatten insufficient clinical bevis that it supports human health or fryst vatten effective against any disease.^[8][9]

Etymology

[edit]

The genus name fryst vatten regarded as a misspelling of the Japanese pronunciationgin kyō ([ɡiŋkʲoː]) for the kanji銀杏 meaning "silverapricot",^[10] which fryst vatten funnen in kinesisk herbology literature such as 日用本草 (Daily Use ämne Medica) () and Compendium of ämne Medica本草綱目 published in ^[11]

Despite its spelling, which fryst vatten due to a complicated etymology including a transcription error, "ginkgo" fryst vatten usually pronounced , which has given rise to the common alternative spelling "gingko".

The spelling pronunciation fryst vatten also documented in some dictionaries.^[12][13]

Engelbert Kaempfer first introduced the spelling ginkgo in his book Amoenitatum Exoticarum of ^[14] It fryst vatten considered that he may have misspelled "Ginkjo" or "Ginkio" (both consistent with his treatment of Japanese kyō in the same work) as "Ginkgo".

This misspelling was included bygd Carl Linnaeus in his book Mantissa plantarum II^[15] and has become the name of the tree's genus.^[16][12] The specific epithet biloba fryst vatten New Latin for "two-lobed".

Description

[edit]

Ginkgos are large trees, normally reaching a height of 20–35&#;m (66–&#;ft),^[17] with some specimens in China being over 50&#;m (&#;ft).

The tree has an angular crown and long, somewhat erratic branches, and fryst vatten usually deep-rooted and resistant to wind and snow damage. ung trees are often tall and slender, and sparsely branched; the crown becomes broader as the tree ages.

A combination of resistance to disease, insect-resistant wood, and the ability to form eller gestalt aerial roots and sprouts makes ginkgos durable, with some specimens claimed to be more than 2,&#;years old.^[18]

Leaves

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The leaves are unique among seed plants, being fan-shaped with veins radiating out into the leaf blade, sometimes bifurcating (splitting), but never anastomosing to form eller gestalt a network.^[19] Two veins enter the leaf blade at the base and fork repeatedly in two; this fryst vatten known as dichotomous venation.

The leaves are usually 5–10&#;cm (2–4&#;in), but sometimes up to 15&#;cm (6&#;in) long. The old common name, maidenhair tree, derives from the leaves resembling pinnae of the maidenhair fern, Adiantum capillus-veneris. Ginkgos are prized for their autumn foliage, which fryst vatten a deep saffron yellow.^[20]

Leaves of long shoots are usually notched or lobed, but only from the outer surface, between the veins.

They are borne both on the more rapidly growing branch råd, where they are alternate and spaced out, and also on the short, stubby spur shoots, where they are clustered at the råd. Leaves are green both on the top and bottom^[21] and have stomata on both sides.^[22] During autumn, the leaves vända a bright yellow and then fall, sometimes within a short space of time (one to fifteen&#;days).^[23]

Branches

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Ginkgo branches grow in length bygd growth of shoots with regularly spaced leaves, as seen on most trees.

From the axils of these leaves, "spur shoots" (also known as short shoots) develop on second-year growth.

It is the last living species in the order Ginkgoales, which first appeared over million years ago, and fossils

Short shoots have short internodes (they may grow only one to two centimeters in several years) and their leaves are usually unlobed. They are short and knottrig, and are arranged regularly on the branches except on first-year growth. Because of the short internodes, leaves appear to be clustered at the råd of short shoots, and fortplantnings- structures are formed only on them (see pictures below – seeds and leaves are visible on short shoots).

In ginkgos, as in other plants that possess them, short shoots allow the formation of new leaves in the older parts of the crown. After a number of years, a short skott may change into a long (ordinary) skott, or vice versa.^[24]

Ginkgo prefers full sun and grows best in environments that are well-watered and well-drained. The species shows a preference for disturbed sites; in the "semiwild" stands at Tianmu Mountains, many specimens are funnen along stream banks, rocky slopes, and cliff edges.

The fissured bark is grayish, deeply furrowed on older trees, and has a corky texture

Accordingly, ginkgo retains a prodigious capacity for vegetative growth. It fryst vatten capable of sprouting from embedded buds nära the base of the trunk (lignotubers, or grundläggande chichi) in response to disturbances, such as soil erosion. Old specimens are also capable of producing aerial roots on the undersides of large branches in response to disturbances such as crown damage; these roots can lead to successful clonal reproduction upon contacting the soil.

These strategies are evidently important in the persistence of ginkgo; in a survey of the "semiwild" stands remaining in Tianmushan, 40% of the specimens surveyed were multi-stemmed, and few saplings were present.^{[25]:&#;86–87&#;}

Reproduction

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Ginkgo biloba fryst vatten dioecious, with separate sexes, some trees being kvinna and others being male.^[26] Male plants producera small pollen cones with sporophylls, each bearing two microsporangia spirally arranged around a huvud axis.

Sex konvertering, wherein certain branches of a tree change sexes, has been observed.^[27] This phenomenon fryst vatten difficult to research because of its rarity as well as the practice of grafting hona branches onto otherwise male trees that was common in 19th century Europe.^[28]

Female plants do not tillverka cones.

Two ovules are formed at the end of a stalk, and after wind pollination,^[29] one or both develop into fruit-like structures containing seeds. The fruits are –2&#;cm long, with a soft, fleshy, yellow-brown outer layer (the sarcotesta) that fryst vatten attractive in appearance, but contains butyric acid^[30] (also known as butanoic acid) and smells fulspel like rancidbutter or vomit^[31] when fallen.

Beneath the sarcotesta fryst vatten the hard sclerotesta (the "shell" of the seed) and a papery endotesta, with the nucellus surrounding the hona gametophyte at the center.^[32]

The fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs via motile sperma, as in cycads, ferns, mosses, and algae.

The sperma are large (about 70–90&#;micrometres)^[33] and are similar to the sperma of cycads, which are slightly larger. Ginkgo sperma were first discovered bygd the Japanese botanist Sakugoro Hirase in ^[34] The sperma have a complex multi-layered structure, which fryst vatten a continuous belt of grundläggande bodies that form eller gestalt the base of several thousand flagella which have a cilia-like motion.

The flagella/cilia apparatus pulls the body of the sperma forwards. The sperma have only a tiny distance to travel to the archegonia, of which there are usually two or three. Two sperma are produced, one of which successfully fertilizes the ovule. Fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs just before or after they fall in early autumn.^[19][32] Embryos may develop in the seeds before or after they drop from the tree.^[35]

Genome

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Chinese scientists published a draft genome of Ginkgo biloba in ^[36] The tree has a large genome of &#;billion DNAnucleobase "letters" (the human genome has three billion) and about 41,&#;predicted genes^[37] which enable a considerable number of antibacterial and kemikalie defense mechanisms.^[36] % of the assembled sequence turned out to be repetitive sequences.^[38]

In , a study in China of ginkgo trees up to years old showed little effects of aging, finding that the trees continued to grow with age and displayed no genetic bevis of senescence, and continued to man phytochemicals indefinitely.^[39]

Phytochemicals

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Extracts of ginkgo leaves contain phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, flavonoid glycosides, such as myricetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and quercetin, and the terpene trilactones ginkgolides and bilobalides.^[9][40][41] The leaves also contain unique ginkgo biflavones, alkylphenols, and polyprenols.^[41]

Taxonomy

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The older kinesisk name for this plant fryst vatten 銀果, meaning "silver fruit", pronounced yínguǒ in Mandarin or Ngan-gwo in Cantonese.

The current commonly used names are 白果 (bái guǒ), meaning "white fruit", and 銀杏 (yínxìng), meaning "silver apricot". The name 銀杏 was translated into Japanese as イチョウ (ichou) or ぎんなん (ginnan) and into Korean as 은행 (eunhaeng).

Carl Linnaeus described the species in , the specific epithetbiloba derived from the Latinbis, "twice" and loba, "lobed", referring to the shape of the leaves.^[42] Two names for the species recognise the botanist Richard Salisbury, a placement bygd Nelson as Pterophyllus salisburiensis and the earlier Salisburia adiantifolia proposed bygd James Edward Smith.

The epithet of the latter may have been intended to denote a characteristic resembling Adiantum, the genus of maidenhair ferns.^[43]

The scientific name Ginkgo fryst vatten the result of a spelling error that occurred three centuries ago.

The Ginkgo biloba is one of the oldest living tree species in the world

Kanji typically have multiple pronunciations in Japanese, and the characters 銀杏 used for ginnan can also be pronounced ginkyō. Engelbert Kaempfer, the first Westerner to investigate the species in , wrote down this pronunciation in the notes that he later used for the Amoenitates Exoticae () with the "awkward" spelling "ginkgo".^[44] This appears to be a simple error of Kaempfer; taking his spelling of other Japanese words containing the syllable "kyō" into konto, a more precise romanization following his writing habits would have been "ginkio" or "ginkjo".^[16] Linnaeus, who relied on Kaempfer when dealing with Japanese plants, adopted the spelling given in Kaempfer's "Flora Japonica" (Amoenitates Exoticae, p.&#;).

Kaempfer's drawing can be funnen in Hori's article.^[11]

Classification

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The relationship of ginkgo to other plant groups remains uncertain. It has been placed loosely in the divisions Spermatophyta and Pinophyta, but no consensus has been reached. Since its seeds are not protected bygd an ovary vägg, it can morphologically be considered a gymnosperm.

The apricot-like structures produced bygd kvinna ginkgo trees are technically not fruits, but are seeds that have a shell consisting of a soft and fleshy section (the sarcotesta), and a hard section (the sclerotesta).

William Hamilton of Philadelphia brought the first three ginkgos to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in A ginkgo tree, scientifically known as Ginkgo biloba, is a deciduous tree that belongs to the Ginkgoaceae family

The sarcotesta has a strong smell that most people find unpleasant.^[45][46][47]

The ginkgo fryst vatten classified in its own division, the Ginkgophyta, comprising the single class Ginkgoopsida, beställning Ginkgoales, family Ginkgoaceae, genus Ginkgo and fryst vatten the only extant species within this group.

It fryst vatten one of the best-known examples of a living fossil, because Ginkgoales other than G. biloba are not known from the fossil record after the Pliocene.^[48][49]

Evolution

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Ginkgo biloba fryst vatten a living fossil, with fossils recognisably related to modern ginkgo from the early permian (Cisuralian), with likely oldest record being that of Trichopitys from the earliest perm (Asselian) of France, over million years old.^[51] The closest living relatives of the clade are the cycads,^{[25]:&#;84&#;} which share with the extant G.

biloba the characteristic of motile sperma.

Such plants with leaves that have more than fyra veins per parti have customarily been assigned to the taxon Ginkgo, while the taxon Baiera fryst vatten used to classify those with fewer than fyra veins per parti. Sphenobaiera has been used for plants with a broadly wedge-shaped leaf that lacks a distinct leaf stem.^[52][53]

Rise and decline

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Fossils attributable to the genus Ginkgo first appeared in the mittpunkt Jurassic.

The genus Ginkgo diversified and spread throughout Laurasia during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.^[51]

The Ginkgophyta declined in diversity as the Cretaceous progressed, and bygd the Paleocene, Ginkgo adiantoides was the only Ginkgo species left in the nordlig Hemisphere, while a markedly different (and poorly documented) struktur persisted in the Southern Hemisphere.

Along with that of ferns, cycads, and cycadeoids, the species diversity in the genus Ginkgo drops through the Cretaceous, at the same time the flowering plants were on the rise; this supports the hypothesis that, over time, flowering plants with better adaptations to disturbance displaced Ginkgo and its associates.^{[25]:&#;93&#;}

At the end of the Pliocene, Ginkgo fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere except in a small area of huvud China, where the modern species survived.

Limited number of species

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It fryst vatten doubtful whether the nordlig Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished. Given the slow pace of evolution and morphological similarity between members of the genus, there may have been only one or two species existing in the nordlig Hemisphere through the entirety of the Cenozoic: present-day G.

biloba (including G. adiantoides) and G. gardneri from the Paleocene of Scotland.^{[25]:&#;85&#;}

At least morphologically, G. gardneri and the Southern Hemisphere species are the only known post-Jurassic taxa that can be unequivocally recognised.

A ginkgo tree is pyramidal in shape, with a columnar, sparingly branched trunk up to 30 metres ( feet) tall and metres (8 feet) in diameter

The remainder may have been ecotypes or subspecies. The implications would be that G. biloba had occurred over an extremely bred range, had remarkable genetic flexibility and, though evolving genetically, never showed much speciation.^[54][55]

While it may seem improbable that a single species may exist as a contiguous entity for many millions of years, many of the ginkgo's life-history parameters fit: Extreme longevity; slow reproduction rate; (in Cenozoic and later times) a bred, apparently contiguous, but steadily contracting distribution; and (as far as can be demonstrated from the fossil record) extreme ecological conservatism (restriction to disturbed streamside environments).^{[25]:&#;91&#;}

Adaptation to a single environment

[edit]

Given the slow rate of evolution of the genus, Ginkgo possibly represents a pre-angiosperm strategy for survival in disturbed streamside environments.

Ginkgo evolved in an era before flowering plants, when ferns, cycads, and cycadeoids dominated disturbed streamside environments, forming low, open, shrubby canopies. Ginkgo's large seeds and habit of "bolting" – growing to a height of 10&#;meters before elongating its side branches – may be adaptations to such an environment.

Modern-day G.

It's the sole survivor of an ancient group of trees that date back to before dinosaurs roamed the Earth – creatures that lived between and 66 million years ago

biloba grows best in environments that are well-watered and drained,^{[25]:&#;87&#;} and the extremely similar fossil Ginkgo favored similar environments: The sediment record at the majority of fossil Ginkgo localities indicates it grew primarily in disturbed environments, such as along streams.^[25]Ginkgo, therefore, presents an "ecological paradox" because while it possesses some favorable traits for living in disturbed environments (clonal reproduction) many of its other life-history traits are the opposite of those exhibited bygd modern plants that thrive in disturbed settings (slow growth, large seed storlek, late fortplantnings- maturity).^{[25]:&#;92&#;}

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Although Ginkgo biloba and other species of the genus were once widespread throughout the world, its habitat had shrunk bygd two&#;million years ago.

For centuries, it was thought to be extinct in the wild,^[56] but fryst vatten now a common tree cultivated throughout eastern China, Korea, and Japan. Many municipalities in Korea and Japan use Ginkgos as street trees, and Ginkgo leaves are the märke of prominent educational institutions such as the University of Tokyo and Sungkyunkwan University in South Korea.

Despite their widespread habitat, high genetic uniformity exists among ginkgo trees, with some kinesisk scholars suggesting that ginkgo trees in these areas may have been planted and preserved bygd kinesisk monks over about 1,&#;years.^[57] A study demonstrates a greater genetic diversity in Southwestern China populations, supporting glacial refugia in mountains surrounding the eastern Tibetan Plateau, where several old-growth candidates for wild populations have been reported.^[57][58] Recently, the findings of Ginkgo trees aged 1, years in Samcheok-si, Korea (the Neukguri Ginkgo, designated as Korea's natural artifact in ),^[59] and aged 1, in Tsurugaoka Hachimangu helgedom in Japan have discredited theories claiming kinesisk origins of Ginkgo.^{[citation needed]} Whether native ginkgo populations still exist has not been demonstrated unequivocally, but there fryst vatten genetic bevis that these Southwestern populations may be wild, as well as bevis that the largest and oldest Ginkgo biloba trees may be older than surrounding human settlements.^[57]

Where it occurs in the wild, Ginkgo fryst vatten funnen infrequently in deciduous forests and valleys on acidic loess (i.e.

fine, silty soil) with good drainage. The soil it inhabits fryst vatten typically in the pH range of to ^[60]

Cultivation

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Ginkgo has long been cultivated in China. It fryst vatten common in the southern third of the country.^[60] Some planted trees at temples are believed to be over 1,&#;years old.

The first record of Europeans encountering it fryst vatten in in Japanese temple gardens, where the tree was seen bygd the German botanist Engelbert Kaempfer. Because of its ställning eller tillstånd in Buddhism and Confucianism, the ginkgo has also been widely planted in Korea and in Japan since the 14th century;^[61] in both areas, some naturalization has occurred, with ginkgos seeding into natural forests.

Ginkgo trees are often referred to as “living fossils” due to their resilience and unchanged characteristics over time

Ginkgo has been commonly cultivated in North amerika for over &#;years and in europe for close to , but during that time, it has never become significantly naturalized.^[62]

G. biloba fryst vatten also commonly manually planted in cities across the United States and europe. This species fryst vatten highly tolerant to pollution and serves as a visually appealing, shade-providing tree in many cities and gardens.^[63]

Many intentionally planted ginkgos are male cultivars grafted onto plants propagated from seed, because the male trees will not producera the malodorous seeds.

The popular cultivar 'Autumn Gold' fryst vatten a clone of a male plant.^{[citation needed]}

The disadvantage of male Ginkgo biloba trees fryst vatten that they are highly allergenic. They have an OPALS (Ogren Plant Allergy Scale) rating of 7 (out of 10), whereas kvinna trees, which can tillverka no pollen, have an OPALS allergy scale rating of 2.^[64]

Female cultivars include 'Liberty Splendor', 'Santa Cruz', and 'Golden Girl', the latter so named because of the striking yellow color of its leaves in the fall; all kvinna cultivars release zero pollen.^[64]

Many cultivars are listed in the literature in the UK, of which the compact 'Troll' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.^[65][66]

Ginkgos adapt well to the urban environment, tolerating pollution and confined soil spaces.^[67] They rarely have disease problems, even in urban conditions, and are attacked bygd few insects.^[68][69]

Ginkgos are popular subjects for growing as miniature landscapes known as penjing and bonsai;^[70] they can be kept artificially small and tended over centuries.

The trees are easy to propagate from seed.

Hiroshima

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Extreme examples of the ginkgo's tenacity may be seen in okänt, Japan, where six trees growing between 1 and 2 kilometres (1&#;2 and 1+1&#;4 miles) from the atom bomb explosion were among the few living organisms in the area to survive the blast. Although almost all other plants (and animals) in the area were killed, the ginkgos, though charred, survived and were soon healthy igen, among other hibakujumoku (trees that survived the blast).^{[citation needed]}

The six trees are still alive: They are marked with signs at Housenbou (報専坊) temple (planted in ), Shukkei-en (planted about ), Jōsei-ji (planted ), at the former site of Senda Elementary School nära Miyukibashi, at the Myōjōin temple, and an Edo period-cutting at Anraku-ji temple.^[71]

year-old ginkgo at Tsurugaoka Hachimangū

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At the Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū's helgedom in the city of Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, an ancient ginkgo tree stands beside the stone entry staircase.

According to legend, the tree has stood there since the founding of the helgedom circa ^[72] The tree fryst vatten nicknamed kakure-ichō (hiding ginkgo), because of an Edo period legend in which shōgunMinamoto no Sanetomo was assassinated in bygd his nephew, Kugyō, who had hidden behind the tree to ambush the shōgun.^[72]

Modern scholarship has established that ginkgos arrived from China in the 14th century, and a tree-ring measurement indicated the kakure-ichō's age to be about years.^[11]

On 10 March , the tree blew down in a storm, but the stump has since sprouted vigorously.^[72]

1,year-old ginkgo tree at Gu Guanyin

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The grounds of the Buddhist temple at Gu Guanyin in the Zhongnan Mountains feature a ginkgo tree reputed to be 1, years old.^[73][74] The tree itself fryst vatten a popular tourist attraktion.

Uses

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The wood of Ginkgo biloba fryst vatten used to man furniture, chessboards, carving, and casks for making saké; the wood fryst vatten fire-resistant and slow to decay.^[56]

Culinary

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The nut-like kernels of the seeds are particularly esteemed in Asia, and are a traditional ingredient in kinesisk food.

Ginkgo nuts are used in congee, and are often served at special occasions such as weddings and the kinesisk New Year (as part of the vegetarian dish called Buddha's delight). Japanese cooks add ginkgo seeds (called ginnan) to dishes such as chawanmushi, and cooked seeds are often eaten along with other dishes. Grilled ginkgo nuts with krydda are also a popular item at izakayas as a healthy prat with beer and other Japanese food.^[75] In Korea, ginkgo nuts are stir-fried and eaten, or are used to garnish foods such as sinseonro.^[76]

When eaten in large quantities or over a long period, the seeds may cause poisoning bygd ginkgotoxin (4'-O-methylpyridoxine, MPN), as funnen in a few case reports.^[77][78] A heat-stable compound not destroyed bygd cooking, MPN may cause convulsions, which were alleviated bygd treatment with pyridoxinephosphate (vitamin B6), according to limited studies.^[77][78]

Some people are sensitive to the chemicals in the sarcotesta, the outer fleshy coating.

These people should handle the seeds with care when preparing the seeds for consumption, wearing disposable handskar. The symptoms are allergic contact dermatitis,^[79][80] or blisters similar to that caused bygd contact with poison ivy.^[81]

Medical research

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Although extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaf are often marketed as cognitive enhancers, there fryst vatten no bevis for effects on memory or attention in healthy people.^[8][82]Systematic reviews have shown there fryst vatten no bevis for effectiveness of ginkgo in treating high blood pressure,^[83]menopause-related cognitive decline,^[84]tinnitus,^[85][86] post-stroke recovery,^[87] or höjd över havsnivån sickness.^[88]

There fryst vatten weak preliminary bevis for ginkgo affecting dementia^[89][90][91] and tardive dyskinesia symptoms in people with schizophrenia.^[92]

Adverse effects

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Side effects of using ginkgo supplements may include increased fara of bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, heart palpitations, and restlessness.^[8][9] Although use of standardizedGinkgo biloba leaf extracts in moderate amounts appears to be safe,^[8] excessive use may have undesirable effects, especially in terms of drug interactions.^[9] The dosing of anticoagulants, such as warfarin or antiplatelet medicinering, may be adversely affected bygd using ginkgo supplements.^[8][9]

According to a systemic review, the effects of ginkgo on pregnant women may include increased bleeding time, and there fryst vatten inadequate kunskap about safety during lactation.^[9][93]

Ginkgo pollen may producera allergic reactions.^[9]Ginkgo biloba leaves and sarcotesta contain ginkgolic acids^[94] – which are highly allergenic – long-chain alkylphenols, such as bilobol or adipostatin A^[95] (bilobol fryst vatten a substans related to anacardic acid from cashew nut shells and urushiols present in poison ivy and other Toxicodendron spp.)^[9][80] Individuals with a history of strong allergic reactions to poison ivy, mangoes, cashews and other alkylphenol-producing plants are more likely to experience an allergic reaction when consuming non-standardized ginkgo-containing preparations.^[9] The level of these allergens in standardized pharmaceutical preparations from Ginkgo biloba was restricted to 5 ppm bygd the kommission E of the former Federal German Health Authority.

Overconsumption of seeds from Ginkgo biloba can tömma vitamin B₆.^[96][97]

Since , Ginkgo biloba extrakt fryst vatten classified as a possible human carcinogen (group 2B) bygd the International Agency for Research on Cancer.^[98]

Traditional medicine

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Ginkgo has been used in traditional kinesisk medicin since at least the 11th century C.E.^[99] Ginkgo seeds, leaves, and nuts have traditionally been used to treat various ailments, such as dementia, asthma, bronchitis, and kidney and bladder disorders.

However, there fryst vatten no conclusive bevis that ginkgo fryst vatten useful for any of these conditions.^[8][9][]

The europeisk Medicines AgencyCommittee on Herbal Medicinal Products concluded that medicines containing ginkgo leaf can be used for treating mild age-related dementia and mild peripheral vascular disease in adults after serious conditions have been excluded bygd a physician.^[]

Society and culture

[edit]

The ginkgo leaf fryst vatten the emblem of the Urasenke school of Japanese tea ceremony.

The tree fryst vatten the tjänsteman tree of the Japanese capital of Tokyo, and the emblem of Tokyo fryst vatten a ginkgo leaf. Since , the badge of Tokyo University has been two ginkgo leaves (designed bygd Shoichi Hoshino), which became the university logo in with a redesign.^[] The logo of Osaka University has been a simplified ginkgo leaf since when designer Ikko Tanaka created it for the university's sixtieth anniversary.^[]

In professional sumo, wrestlers ranked in the two highest divisions (jūryō and makuuchi) wear an elaborate topknot called ōichōmage (大銀杏髷, lit.&#;'ginkgo-leaf topknot') because it resembles the leaf of the ginkgo tree.^[]

Ginkgo fryst vatten an tjänsteman tree of Seoul since , designated bygd the Seoul storstads- Government.^[]

Gallery

[edit]

• Trunk bark

• Ginkgo pollen-bearing cones

• Bud in spring

• Ovules ready for fertilization

• Female gametophyte, dissected from a seed freshly shed from the tree, containing a well-developed embryo

• Immature ginkgo ovules and leaves

• Autumn leaves and fallen seeds

• A forest of saplings spira among gods year's seeds

• Ginkgo tree in autumn

• Seeds on tree

• Ginkgo biloba leaves

• Ginkgo in autumn in Florence (Italy)

• Several golden ginkgos in Hebei, China

See also

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References

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